Correction: Gamma Knife radiosurgery for vestibular schwannomas: Evaluation of planning using the sphericity degree of the target volume.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225638.].

Single-fraction radiosurgery outcomes for large vestibular schwannomas in the upfront or post-surgical setting: a systematic review and International Stereotactic Radiosurgery Society (ISRS) Practice Guidelines.

PURPOSE: To perform a systematic review of literature specific to single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for large vestibular schwannomas (VS), maximum diameter ≥ 2.5 cm and/or classified as Koos Grade IV, and to present consensus recommendations on behalf of the International Stereotactic Radiosurgery Society (ISRS). METHODS: The Medline and Embase databases were used to apply the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach. We considered eligible prospective and retrospective studies, written in the English language, reporting treatment outcomes for large VS; SRS for large post-operative tumors were analyzed in aggregate and separately. RESULTS: 19 of the 229 studies initially identified met the final inclusion criteria. Overall crude rate of tumor control was 89% (93.7% with no prior surgery vs 87.7% with prior surgery). Rates of salvage microsurgical resection, need for shunt, and additional SRS in all series versus those with no prior surgery were 9.6% vs 3.3%, 4.7% vs 6.4% and 1% vs 0.9%, respectively. Rates of facial palsy and hearing preservation in all series versus those with no prior surgery were 1.3% vs 3.4% and 34.2% vs 40.4%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Upfront SRS resulted in high rates of tumor control with acceptable rates of facial palsy and hearing preservation as compared to the results in those series including patients with prior surgery (level C evidence). Therefore, although large VS are considered classic indication for microsurgical resection, upfront SRS can be considered in selected patients and we recommend a prescribed marginal dose from 11 to 13 Gy (level C evidence).

Contemporary Role of Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Psychiatric Disorders.

Psychiatric disorders are the hidden pandemic of the current century. Despite major advances in medical management, the options for treatment are still limited. Neurosurgical intervention is effective for certain refractory psychiatric illnesses and the options range from stimulation surgeries to precise disconnection procedures influencing the neuronal network. Literature regarding stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is now enriched with successful treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder, major depression disorder, and anorexia nervosa. These procedures by reducing compulsions, obsessions, depression, and anxiety, improve substantially the quality of life for patients with a good safety profile. It is a valid treatment alternative for a selected group of patients who otherwise have no therapeutic options for whom the neurosurgical intervention is the only hope. It is also cost effective and highly reproducible among specialists. These procedures are adjuvant to the medical and behavioural treatment of psychiatric disorders. In this study the Contemporary role of Stereotactic radiosurgery is reviewed starting with relevant history of psychosurgery followed by individual psychiatric disorders.

ISRS Technical Guidelines for Stereotactic Radiosurgery: Treatment of Small Brain Metastases (≤1 cm in Diameter).

PURPOSE: The objective of this literature review was to develop International Stereotactic Radiosurgery Society (ISRS) consensus technical guidelines for the treatment of small, ≤1 cm in maximal diameter, intracranial metastases with stereotactic radiosurgery. Although different stereotactic radiosurgery technologies are available, most of them have similar treatment workflows and common technical challenges that are described. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A systematic review of the literature published between 2009 and 2020 was performed in Pubmed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) methodology. The search terms were limited to those related to radiosurgery of brain metastases and to publications in the English language. RESULTS: From 484 collected abstract 37 articles were included into the detailed review and bibliographic analysis. An additional 44 papers were identified as relevant from a search of the references. The 81 papers, including additional 7 international guidelines, were deemed relevant to at least one of five areas that were considered paramount for this report. These areas of technical focus have been employed to structure these guidelines: imaging specifications, target volume delineation and localization practices, use of margins, treatment planning techniques, and patient positioning. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review has demonstrated that Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) for small (1 cm) brain metastases can be safely performed on both Gamma Knife (GK) and CyberKnife (CK) as well as on modern LINACs, specifically tailored for radiosurgical procedures, However, considerable expertise and resources are required for a program based on the latest evidence for best practice.

Psychiatric surgery: The legal landscape.

More than most or even any other medical intervention, surgery for the relief of severe psychiatric illness is tied up in complex ethical issues and, inevitably, legal considerations. The latter may vary considerably from one jurisdiction to the next, and even within countries. Even though political considerations may play a role in regulating psychiatric surgery, and enacted policies may not necessarily be based on the best available evidence, neurosurgeons and psychiatrists must be aware of the restrictions that may be placed on the type of procedures they can perform. Nonetheless, despite the seemingly arbitrary differences in policy that exist around the world, governmental agencies take their responsibilities for protecting the public as a serious matter. Practitioners can influence public decision-making by adhering to the legal and ethical requirements of their region, and by amassing evidence that can help to inform well-meaning government officials as to the best practices of psychiatric surgery. This chapter will describe the medicolegal environment affecting the practice of psychiatric surgery in the United States, Canada, and Brazil.

Modern neurosurgical techniques for psychiatric disorders.

Psychosurgery refers to an ensemble of more or less invasive techniques designed to reduce the burden caused by psychiatric diseases in patients who have failed to respond to conventional therapy. While most surgeries are designed to correct apparent anatomical abnormalities, no discrete cerebral anatomical lesion is evident in most psychiatric diseases amenable to invasive interventions. Finding the optimal surgical targets in mental illness is troublesome. In general, contemporary psychosurgical procedures can be classified into one of two primary modalities: lesioning and stimulation procedures. The first group is divided into (a) thermocoagulation and (b) stereotactic radiosurgery or recently introduced transcranial magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound, whereas stimulation techniques mainly include deep brain stimulation (DBS), cortical stimulation, and the vagus nerve stimulation. The most studied psychiatric diseases amenable to psychosurgical interventions are severe treatment-resistant major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Tourette syndrome, anorexia nervosa, schizophrenia, and substance use disorder. Furthermore, modern neuroimaging techniques spurred the interest of clinicians to identify cerebral regions amenable to be manipulated to control psychiatric symptoms. On this way, the concept of a multi-nodal network need to be embraced, enticing the collaboration of psychiatrists, psychologists, neurologists and neurosurgeons participating in multidisciplinary groups, conducting well-designed clinical trials.

Serological surveillance of healthcare workers to evaluate natural infection- and vaccine-derived immunity to SARS-CoV-2 during an outbreak in Dili, Timor-Leste.

Background Serosurveillance can be used to investigate the extent and distribution of immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) within a population. Characterisation of humoral immune responses gives insight into whether immunity is infection- or vaccine-derived. Methods A longitudinal study of health care workers (HCWs) in Dili, Timor-Leste, was conducted during vaccine rollout (ChAdOx1) and a concurrent SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Results A total of 324 HCWs were included at baseline (April-May 2021). Out of those, 32 (9.9%) were seropositive for anti-nucleocapsid protein (anti-N) IgG antibodies, indicating a significant sub-clinical infection among HCWs early in the local outbreak. Follow-up was conducted in 157 (48.5%) participants (July-September 2021), by which time there had been high uptake of vaccination (91.7%), and 86.0% were seropositive for anti-spike protein antibodies. Acquisition of anti-N antibodies was observed in partially vaccinated HCWs (30/76, 39.5%), indicating some post-dose-1 infections. Discussion Serosurveillance of HCWs may provide early warning of SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks and should be considered in non-endemic settings, particularly where there is limited availability/uptake of testing for acute infection. Characterisation of humoral immune responses may be used to assess vaccine impact and coverage. Such studies should be considered in national and international efforts to investigate and mitigate against future emerging pathogens.

Safety and Feasibility of Nucleus Accumbens Surgery for Drug Addiction: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Substance addiction encompasses the incapacity to discontinue urgent drug use; many severely disabled patients might be considered appropriate candidates for surgery due to the high rates of relapse despite conservative treatment. A crucial finding in the brain of these patients is increased extracellular concentrations of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy and safety of NAcc surgery for the treatment of substance dependence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, we performed a systematic review to identify all original studies in which NAcc surgery was performed to treat relapsing drug addiction with a minimum follow-up of six months. From database inception to April 10, 2020, we searched PubMed, Scopus, and LILACS. Two reviewers independently selected studies and extracted data. The main outcome was the relapse rate. The GRADE methods were applied to evaluate the quality of evidence. This study was registered with PROSPERO CRD42020177054. RESULTS: Fifteen studies involving 359 participants met inclusion criteria; eight (56%) included NAcc deep brain stimulation (DBS) in 13 patients with addiction for alcohol (N = 6, 46.1%), opioid (N = 4, 30.7%), and nicotine (N = 3, 15.3%); seven studies (N = 346, 44%) performed NAcc radiofrequency (RF) ablation for opioid (N = 334) and alcohol (N = 12) dependence. Relapse rates were 38.4% for DBS and 39% for RF ablation. CONCLUSIONS: Despite available studies reporting a benefit in the treatment of drug addictions with NAcc surgery, this systematic review stresses the need for carefully planned prospective studies in order to further address the efficacy and indications.

A presumptive association between obsessive compulsions and asymmetric temporal lobe atrophy: a case report.

BACKGROUND: The relatively isolated atrophy of the temporal lobes leads to a clinical radiological pattern, referred to as the temporal variant of frontotemporal dementia. While semantic dementia and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia are classically related to this syndrome, the logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia has been less commonly reported. This case report aims to give a pictorial description of a case in which a patient with asymmetric temporal lobe atrophy presented with the logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia and complex rituals of cleanliness. CASE PRESENTATION: We report on the case of a 68-year-old, right-handed White woman with complex rituals and progressive speech impairment. The obsessive-compulsive rituals represented an exacerbation of lifelong preoccupations with cleanliness and orderliness that were praised by her relatives. Neuropsychological assessment revealed a striking impairment of language and memory, with relative sparing of tool-use praxis and visuospatial skills. Magnetic resonance imaging and 18fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography scans showed bilateral asymmetrical temporal lobe atrophy and hypometabolism. A year later, she was still able to entertain conversation for a short while, but her vocabulary and fluency had further declined. Praxis and visuospatial skills remained intact. She did not experience pathological elation, delusions, or hallucinations. The disease followed a relentless progression into a partial Klüver-Bucy syndrome, abulia, and terminal dementia. She died from acute myocardial infarction 8 years after the onset of aphasia. The symptoms and their temporal course supported a diagnosis of logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia due to asymmetric temporal variant frontotemporal lobar degeneration. CONCLUSIONS: This report gives a pictorial description of a temporal variant of frontotemporal dementia in a patient who presented with worsening of a lifelong obsessive-compulsive disorder and logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia.

Stereotactic radiosurgery for secretory pituitary adenomas: systematic review and International Stereotactic Radiosurgery Society practice recommendations.

OBJECTIVE: A systematic review was performed to provide objective evidence on the use of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in the management of secretory pituitary adenomas and develop consensus recommendations. METHODS: The authors performed a systematic review of the English-language literature up until June 2018 using the PRISMA guidelines. The PubMed (Medline), Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched. A total of 45 articles reporting single-institution outcomes of SRS for acromegaly, Cushing's disease, and prolactinomas were selected and included in the analysis. RESULTS: For acromegaly, random effects meta-analysis estimates for crude tumor control rate, crude endocrine remission rate, and any new hypopituitarism rates were 97.0% (95% CI 96.0%-98.0%), 44.0% (95% CI 35.0%-53.0%), and 17.0% (95% CI 13.0%-23.0%), respectively. For Cushing's disease, random effects estimates for crude tumor control rate, crude endocrine remission rate, and any new hypopituitarism rate were 92.0% (95% CI 87.0%-95.0%), 48.0% (95% CI 35.0%-61.0%), and 21.0% (95% CI 13.0%-31.0%), respectively. For prolactinomas, random effects estimates for crude tumor control rate, crude endocrine remission rate, and any new hypopituitarism rate were 93.0% (95% CI 90.0%-95.0%), 28.0% (95% CI 19.0%-39.0%), and 12.0% (95% CI 6.0%-24.0%), respectively. Meta-regression analysis did not show a statistically significant association between mean margin dose with crude endocrine remission rate or mean margin dose with development of any new hypopituitarism rate for any of the secretory subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: SRS offers effective tumor control of hormone-producing pituitary adenomas in the majority of patients but a lower rate of endocrine improvement or remission.

Linear accelerator-based radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia: comparative outcomes of frame-based and mask-based techniques.

OBJECTIVE: Precise and accurate targeting is critical to optimize outcomes after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for trigeminal neuralgia (TN). The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes after SRS for TN in which two different techniques were used: mask-based 4-mm cone versus frame-based 5-mm cone. METHODS: The authors performed a retrospective review of patients who underwent SRS for TN at their institution between 1996 and 2019. The Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) pain score and facial hypesthesia scale were used to evaluate pain relief and facial numbness. RESULTS: A total of 234 patients were included in this study; the mean age was 67 years. In 97 patients (41.5%) radiation was collimated by a mask-based 4-mm cone, whereas a frame-based 5-mm cone was used in the remaining 137 patients (58.5%). The initial adequate pain control rate (BNI I-III) was 93.4% in the frame-based 5-mm group, compared to 87.6% in the mask-based 4-mm group. This difference between groups lasted, with an adequate pain control rate at ≥ 24 months of 89.9% and 77.8%, respectively. Pain relief was significantly different between groups from initial response until the last follow-up (≥ 24 months, p = 0.02). A new, permanent facial hypesthesia occurred in 30.3% of patients (33.6% in the frame-based 5-mm group vs 25.8% in the mask-based 4-mm group). However, no significant association between the BNI facial hypesthesia score and groups was found. Pain recurrence occurred earlier (median time to recurrence 12 months vs 29 months, p = 0.016) and more frequently (38.1% vs 20.4%, p = 0.003) in the mask-based 4-mm than in the frame-based 5-mm group. CONCLUSIONS: Frame-based 5-mm collimator SRS for TN resulted in a better long-term pain relief with similar toxicity profiles to that seen with mask-based 4-mm collimator SRS.

MRI maps, segregation, and white matter connectivity of the human hypothalamus in health.

The human hypothalamus is composed of several gray matter territories, forming 10 different structures mainly referred to as nuclei: the preoptic, suprachiasmatic, supraoptic, infundibular, paraventricular, dorsomedial, ventromedial, posterior (dorsal; dorsal hypothalamic area), and tuberomamillary nuclei, and the lateral hypothalamic area. The macroconnectivity, described since the middle of the 19th century, is currently probed using MRI methods, notably those relying on diffusion techniques. The structural connections can be grouped as follows: connections with the olfactory system; stria terminalis connections; stria medullaris connections; ansa lenticularis connections; subthalamus connections; optic tract connections; intrahypothalamic connections; hypothalamo-hypophysis connections; hypothalamic commissures; cortex connections.

Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Postoperative Metastatic Surgical Cavities: A Critical Review and International Stereotactic Radiosurgery Society (ISRS) Practice Guidelines.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this critical review is to summarize the literature specific to single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and multiple-fraction stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT) for postoperative brain metastases resection cavities and to present practice recommendations on behalf of the ISRS. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The Medline and Embase databases were used to apply the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses approach to search for manuscripts reporting SRS/SRT outcomes for postoperative brain metastases tumor bed resection cavities with a search end date of July 20, 2018. Prospective studies, consensus guidelines, and retrospective series that included exclusively postoperative brain metastases and had at minimum 100 patients were considered eligible. RESULTS: The Embase search revealed 157 manuscripts, of which 77 were selected for full-text screening. PubMed yielded 55 manuscripts, of which 23 were selected for full text screening. We deemed 8 retrospective series, 1 phase 2 prospective study, 3 randomized controlled trials, and 1 consensus contouring paper appropriate for inclusion. The data suggest that SRS/SRT to surgical cavities with prescription doses of 30 to 50 Gy equivalent effective dose (EQD) 210, 50 to 70 Gy EQD25, and 70 to 90 EQD22 are associated with rates of local control ranging from 60.5% to 91% (median, 80.5%). Randomized data suggest improved local control with single-fraction SRS compared with observation and improved cognitive outcomes compared with whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT). The toxicity of SRS/SRT in the postoperative setting was limited and is reviewed herein. CONCLUSIONS: Although randomized data raise concern for poorer local control after resection cavity SRS than WBRT, these findings may be driven by factors such as conservative prescription doses used in the SRS arm. Retrospective studies suggest high rates of local control after single-fraction SRS and hypofractionated SRT for postoperative brain metastases. With a superior neurocognitive profile and no survival disadvantage to withholding WBRT, the ISRS recommends SRS as first-line treatment for eligible postoperative patients. Emerging data suggest that fractionated SRT may provide superior local control compared with single-fraction SRS, in particular, for large tumor cavity volumes/diameters and potentially for patients with a preoperative diameter greater than 2.5 cm.

Methylphenidate effects on mice odontogenesis and connections with human odontogenesis.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of Methylphenidate exposure on mice odontogenesis and connect them by bioinformatics with human odontogenesis. Thirty-two pregnant Swiss mice were divided into treated group and control group, which received, respectively, 5 mg/kg of Methylphenidate and saline solution from the 5th to the 17th day of pregnancy. The mouse embryos tooth germs were analyzed through optical microscopy, and the data collected were analyzed statistically by Fisher's exact test. The presence and similarity of Methylphenidate-associated genes (Pharmgkb database) in both organisms and their interaction with dental development genes (AmiGO2 database) were verified on STRING database. Rates of tooth germ malformations were higher in treated than in control group (Control: 18; Treated: 27; p = 0.035). Mouse embryo malformations were connected with 238 interactions between 69 dental development genes with 35 Methylphenidate genes. Fourteen interactions for four Methylphenidate genes with four dental development genes, with human experimental data, were connected with mouse phenotype data. By homology, the interactions and conservation of proteins/genes may indicate similar outcomes for both organisms. The exposure to Methylphenidate during pregnancy affected odontogenesis in mouse embryos and may affect human odontogenesis. The study of malformations in mice, with a bioinformatics approach, could contribute to understanding of the Methylphenidate effect on embryo development. These results may provide novel hypotheses for further testing and reinforce the FDA protocol: as Methylphenidate is included in category C, its use during pregnancy should be considered if the benefits outweigh the risks.

Radiosurgical Corpus Callosotomy: A Review of Literature.

BACKGROUND: Microsurgical callosotomy is a procedure still under debate and to best a palliative treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy. Unlike microsurgery, radiosurgical callosotomy is an underpracticed treatment option, with no definite account of its safety and outcome profile. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety, efficacy, and complication profile of radiosurgical callosotomy in the literature. METHODS: PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and ResearchGate were reviewed for radiosurgery and callosotomy in the English language following PRISMA guidelines. The patient profile, radiosurgical parameters (dose and isodose), target volume, extent of radiosurgery (anterior third, half, or posterior third callosotomy), and seizure outcome were evaluated. We evaluated the role of radiosurgery as a primary or secondary treatment modality after microsurgery. A literature review was performed to identify the evidence of radiosurgery. RESULTS: We identified 7 studies detailing 12 patients of mean age 22.8 years (range, 4-58 years) and a mean of 18.9 years of illness (range, 5-37 years). Five series performed Gamma Knife radiosurgery and 2 performed LINAC radiosurgery. The spectrum of seizures ranged from atonic seizures/drop attack (83%), generalized tonic-clonic seizures (75%), complex partial seizures (67%), absence seizures (50%), myoclonic seizures (33%), to focal seizures (16%). Four patients suffered from Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. The average seizure frequency in 11 patients was 297/month (range, 20/day to 15/month). Three patients became free of drop attacks and 2 free of generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and 1 became completely seizure free. The remaining patients continued to have seizures, albeit at a lower frequency. Complex partial seizures and myoclonic seizures were the least responsive seizure types to radiosurgical corpus callosotomy. All patients tolerated the procedure well. After radiosurgery, 3 patients developed symptomatic edema. The symptoms (headache, nausea, hemiparesis, and transient neurologic deficits) were controlled with a short course of steroids. Two patients needed redo radiosurgery (at the same target in 1 patient and complementary middle third callosotomy to previous anterior third callosotomy in another patient). There were no long-term complications. CONCLUSIONS: Radiosurgery is a viable alternative to microsurgical callosotomy both as a primary and as a secondary treatment modality. It has a specific advantage of better neuropsychological outcomes with comparable seizure control. The neurosurgical community should adopt a more liberal approach with this indication.

Delayed Brain Cyst Formation After Gamma Knife Anterior Capsulotomy.

BACKGROUND: Gamma Knife ventral anterior capsulotomy is an effective option to treat refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Although well tolerated, complications can develop years after radiosurgery. We describe a case in which abnormal complications induced by very high doses of radiation evolved. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 55-year-old man with refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder was treated with Gamma Knife ventral anterior capsulotomy using a dose of 180 Gy. His obsessive-compulsive symptoms improved, but his condition evolved with a manic episode, cognitive memory changes, visual hallucinations, confabulation, and frontal lobe symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging showed brain edema in the left hemisphere and a 6-mm brain cyst in the right hemisphere at postoperative month 20. CONCLUSIONS: This case shows the consequences of affecting more fibers related to the anterior frontal region than intended with a radiosurgical procedure and illustrates the importance of careful clinical and imaging follow-up after Gamma Knife ventral anterior capsulotomy.

Upholding Scientific Duty Amidst Poisonous Disinformation.

Because of a recent politically-biased Lancet editorial, the world's opinion has been directed against the Brazilian government over the rising numbers of COVID-19 cases in the country. This is an example of reporting data without accounting for important covariates. Epidemiological figures should always be corrected for population size. In fact, Brazil is not even on the list of the 10 countries with the highest number of deaths per 100,000 people. Belgium, the United Kingdom, and Spain are the most affected countries in this regard. The disinformation presented by a renowned medical journal has ignited severe criticisms against a Chief-of-State for not promoting a generalized lockdown in a country of continental size. As scientists, we have a duty to stress the caveats of science instead of fueling political attacks, and we should refrain from jumping to uninformed conclusions without considering well-analyzed data. Moreover, while there is no evidence to endorse the efficacy of a generalized lockdown in socioeconomically vulnerable populations, it is undoubtedly associated with severe nationwide adverse effects.

Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Transmodiolar Schwannoma.

BACKGROUND: Rare and deep located tumors are surgical challenge with high morbidity. Minimal invasive techniques should be encouraged for a better outcome. Intralabyrinthine schwannoma (ILS) is a rare benign tumor that usually presents with hearing loss and tinnitus. Surgery is associated with high rate of facial paralysis and deafness. Radiosurgery is an option for tinnitus treatment, without the risk of facial paralysis. CASE DESCRIPTION: A young male patient presented with severe hearing loss and incapacitating tinnitus. Magnetic resonance revealed the presence of a small ILS. Radiosurgery was performed and obtained tinnitus control without complications and no further tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS: Tumor control and symptoms relief could be safely achieved through a precisely plan using Gamma Knife radiosurgery, decreasing morbidity. This is the first radiosurgical description for a transmodiolar schwannoma.

Case Series: Deep Brain Stimulation for Facial Pain.

BACKGROUND: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been used for chronic pain for decades, but its use is limited due to a lack of reliable data about its efficacy for specific indications. OBJECTIVE: To report on 9 patients who underwent DBS for facial pain, with a focus on differences in outcomes between distinct etiologies. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 9 patients with facial pain who were treated with DBS of the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus and periventricular gray. We report on characteristics including facial pain etiology, complications, changes in pain scores using the visual analog scale (VAS), and willingness to undergo DBS again. RESULTS: Nine patients underwent DBS for either poststroke, post-traumatic, postherpetic, or atypical facial pain. Eight patients (89%) were permanently implanted. Seven patients had sufficient follow-up (mean 40.3 mo). Of these 7 patients, average VAS scores decreased from 9.4 to 6.1 after DBS. The average decrease in VAS was 55% for post-traumatic facial pain (2 patients), 45% for poststroke (2 patients), 15% for postherpetic neuralgia (2 patients), and 0% for atypical facial pain (1 patient). Three of the 8 implanted patients (38%) had complications which required removal of hardware. Only 2 of 7 (29%) patients met classical criteria for responders (50% decrease in pain scores). However, among 4 patients who were asked about willingness to undergo DBS again, all expressed that they would repeat the procedure. CONCLUSION: There is a trend towards improvement in pain scores following DBS for facial pain, most prominently with post-traumatic pain.

Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Intracranial Noncavernous Sinus Benign Meningioma: International Stereotactic Radiosurgery Society Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Practice Guideline.

BACKGROUND: Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for benign intracranial meningiomas is an established treatment. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the literature and provide evidence-based practice guidelines on behalf of the International Stereotactic Radiosurgery Society (ISRS). METHODS: Articles in English specific to SRS for benign intracranial meningioma, published from January 1964 to April 2018, were systematically reviewed. Three electronic databases, PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register, were searched. RESULTS: Out of the 2844 studies identified, 305 had a full text evaluation and 27 studies met the criteria to be included in this analysis. All but one were retrospective studies. The 10-yr local control (LC) rate ranged from 71% to 100%. The 10-yr progression-free-survival rate ranged from 55% to 97%. The prescription dose ranged typically between 12 and 15 Gy, delivered in a single fraction. Toxicity rate was generally low. CONCLUSION: The current literature supporting SRS for benign intracranial meningioma lacks level I and II evidence. However, when summarizing the large number of level III studies, it is clear that SRS can be recommended as an effective evidence-based treatment option (recommendation level II) for grade 1 meningioma.